Province-wise Distribution

In terms of population, Punjab is the most populated province of Pakistan. Approximately half of the population resides in Punjab. Sindh comes second in the most populate provinces. Population of Baluchistan despite its big size is not very high. One of the reasons is that most of the area in Baluchistan is covered by mountains areas and plains.

Robert Malthus argued that population growth not in proportion with the growth in resources is detrimental to the economy and the society.In the following lines, it is discussed how a population growth can still be accommodated if various macro economic indicators can be improved.

Importance of Motorways

Road Transportation is a necessary element of organized civic life. Moreover, it is one major means of transporting goods from one place to another. Road transportation facilitates easy commuting of goods and it links various cities, towns and villages with each other.

Major Exports of Pakistan

The Major export oriented industries of Pakistan are as follows:

• Textile Industry: Textile industry enjoys 60% share in overall exports of Pakistan. The garments produced in Pakistan are very famous abroad. The towels used in Wimbledon are produced in Pakistan.
• Sports Goods: Pakistan is very famous in making sports goods. The cricket bats made in Sialkot are used by many great batsmen of Pakistan and other countries. The footballs made in Pakistan have repeatedly been used in major football events including world cups.
• Surgical Instruments: Pakistan produces high quality surgical products. The demand for surgical goods of Pakistan is increasing and Pakistan can earn huge foreign exchange from this industry.
• Rice: Basmati Rice produced in Pakistan is famous all over the world. Pakistan exports "Basmati" "Irri" rice to many countries and it is also an important source of foreign exchange for the country.

Transport in Pakistan

The Different means of transport used in Pakistan are as follows:

• Road Transport: In Pakistan, trucks, trailers etc are used in road transport. Goods are usually transported through trucks in places where there is sufficient road network. Road transport is a very convenient means of transportation  but due to the lack of road networks all over the country, it is unusable at few places.
• Railway: Railway system is also used for transporting huge quantities of goods. There are separate dedicated trains for transportation. In places where there is no or insufficient road network, railway system is used.
• Ships and Ports: Ships are used for transport of goods between countries. For sea transport to exist, ports are necessary where ships can land and the goods can be unloaded. In Pakistan, there is a port in "Kemari" (Karachi). Government of Pakistan has also made another port in "Gawadar" ( Baluchistan)
• Airplanes: Air transport is also used in few rare cases for the transport of goods.Usually, it is used by companies to ship goods to customers which are not very much in quantity and when goods are of the perishable nature. Air transport is most expensive.
 

Charter Party

It is an agreement by which the ship owner agrees to place the entire ship or part of it at the disposal of merchant for the purpose of carrying goods from one port to another. Thus under a charter party the entire ship is hired.

A charter party usually contains the following terms:

• Names, addresses and the other particulars of the shipowner.
• The name of the ship.
• The nationality of the ship.
• The measurement of the ship as indicated by the Registered tonnage.
• The location of the ship at the date of the charter party.
• The sea worthiness of the ship for the intended voyage.
• The shipowner's duty to bring the ship to the agreed port of loading.
• The charter's liability to pay right.
• The charter's right to the other goods on board under bills of lading.
• Nature and duties of the master and crew of ship towards charter.
• Conditions of cancellation or contract of charter party.

Exemptions of Private Company

The legal concessions that are enjoyed by a private company as against a public company are as follows:

1. In order to form a private company only two signatories to the memorandum of association are required;
2. A private company is not required ti have more than 2 directors;
3. A private company is not required to hold a statutory meeting or prepare and file a statutory report;
4. There is no restriction on the appointment and advertisement of the first directors of a private company;
5. A private company is not required to file with registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus;
6. There is no restrictions on allotment of shares.
7. A private Company starts business with borrowing
8. Not bound to send annual account to Stock Exchange and report to members.

Collective Bargaining

According to Section 2 of the Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969, in relation to an establishment or industry, "Collective Bargaining Agent" means the trade union or workmen in which, under Section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment, or as the case may be, industry, in the matter of Collective Bargaining.

The declaration of the Collective Bargaining Agent in an establishment or industry was added by Ordinance XIX of 1970. Once a trade union or a federation has been e declared such Agent through a secret ballot by the Registrar, no other claim to such status by a rival union or federation is to be entertained for a period of two years from the date of such declaration.

Management Committee

No matter how well established  it is, each institution needs a good management in all respect. All concerns of various nature therefore, form a Management Committee which is constituted after the necessary approval of the upper level. The functions of such committees are according to the nature of the institution concerned. Member of such committees in various institution also vary. Management Committee as such plays a significant role in growth of some institution.

Accident

The word accident is used in the ACT in the popular and ordinary sense as denoting an unlocked for mishap or and outward event which is not expected or designed. The word is employed in contradistinction to the expression "willful misconduct" or "willful disobedience". Therefore am injury by accident includes any injury not expected or designed by the injured workmen himself irrespective of weather or not it was brought about by the willful act of someone else. The statue contemplates injuries not expected or designed by the workmen himself. It should be noted that the language of the ACT is not personal injury by an accident but personal injury by accident. This means "Personal Injury" not by design, but accident, be some mishap unexpected: Accidental Personal Injury.

Board of Trustees

It is the Board responsible for general directions and superintendence of the affairs of the institute. It however, requires the assistance of the Chairman of the Institute and exercise or done by the Institute.

How a Board Of Trustees is Appointed:

The Board shall consist of following members to be appointed by the Federal Government by notification namely:

• Secretary or Additional Secretary in the labor division who shall be the President of the Board.
• Four persons to represent the Federal Government, one each from the Ministries of Finance, Commerce, Industries and Labor.
• Four persons to represent Provincial Government are to be nominated by each of the Provincial Governments.
• Four persons to represent employers.
• Four persons to represent in institution.

Price

In respect of sales, the first rule is that no sale can take place without price. If there be no valuable consideration to support of a voluntary surrender of goods by real owner to another person, the transaction is gift and is not governed by the rules relating to sale.It may be money actually paid or promised to be paid according to the agreement is for a cash on a certain sale but in other consideration than money must be given is not a sale. Moreover the money must be given as the price i.e as quid prologue on a transfer of property on sale.

Sources of Foreign Financial Assistance

I.M.F: I.M.F provides relatively short to medium term loans for government to finance their trade deficit etc. The amount of loan depends on the amount of international trade which a country does.

World Bank: World Bank provides long term loans. These loans are provided for financing the long term development projects. These loans are very helpful as they mature in a long time and granted for development as it is very difficult to get finance development for a longer period.

ADB: ADB stands for Asian Development Bank. As the name suggests, it provides loans for development as well as for industries to the developing Asian countries.

Direct Lending from Rich Countries: Apart from financial institutions, many countries provide loans to the developing countries. America and Japan provide loans to many countries and Pakistan has repeatedly borrowed from America.

Political Obstacles

Feudalism: In rural areas, feudal not only have huge wealth but also have unlimited power. Their area power is another state in a bigger state. Their rein continues in perpetuity from one generation to another.

Law and Order Situation: Law and order situation in Pakistan has been very poor especially in a large metropolitan and hub of trading city like Karachi. Law and Order is essential for the Foreign Direct Investment. Deteriorated law and order situation not only affects trading and business activities but also creates a lot of fear and disappointment on the part of investors and businessmen.

Political Instability: Political instability has been Pakistan's worst political problem. Governments change every 2nd year. There is no consistency of policies. The projects of former government are abandoned by the later government and the money and time involved in that project goes wasted.

Corruption: Corruption in political circles is one very common thing in Pakistan. Pakistan one ranked second on corruption. Financial resources both from foreign aid and loans and from domestic loans go into the hands of corrupt leaders and the whole nation has to suffer.

Social Security

Social Security Ordinance was promulgated in 1965 which renders great help to the worker in difficult times. This Ordinance made it possible for the worker to maintain himself in time when there is no income due his disability to do any job which may procure wages in the form of money to him and the disability is caused by some dis care, or a female worker and the days of her nearing delivery of a child.
Social Security Institution has been set up by the Government for the implementation of this Ordinance. This Institution is a corporate body having a perpetual succession and a common seal.
Power of direction and superintendence of the Institution of vested in a Governing Body which is assisted by a Commissioner. In discharging its functions, the Institution will consist of a Chairman, four persons to represent the Government, one each for the department of Labor, Industries, Trade and Finance. Three persons will represent the employees, three persons will represent the secured persons and the medical adviser who will be an ex-official member.

Assignment

The transfer of right and liabilities under a contract is technically "assignment of contract". Prima facie, there cannot be an assignment of a contractual liability, and where the promise consents to accept performance from a third party, there is a substitution of a new contract and the old contract disappear and all rights and liabilities under it are extinguished. This is technically called "N ovation".
There is no section in the Contract Act which deals generally with the assign ability of contracts. A contract cannot effect any one but the parties may, under certain circumstances drop out and bring others in their place.

Contract Between the Parties

Sale of goods under Islamic provision is a Contract between a seller and buyer. For valid Contract it must be an offer and acceptable. The Contract also follows with lawful consideration. There must be a law object and free consent of the parties.
Sales could either be on cash or credit base, but time of credit paid should be fixed. At the time of sale the seller must have the ownership of the goods.

Rights of Buyer

To have delivery as per contract: To get delivery of goods of actual quantity contracted for. If the goods offered are in quantity more or less than that contracted for, or if, want is offered is mixed with goods of different description, the buyer, has a right, subject to the usage of trade:

1. To reject the goods, if less is delivered.
2. To reject the excess or even the whole, if more is offered.
3. If the good are mixed with other not ordered, to reject the whole or those not according to the contract.

If the contract is an installment contract, and the terms of the contract permit, the buyer has a right to repudiate the whole contract, for any defect or non-delivery of any installment and where he has accepted goods to claim compensation.

The buyer has a right to sue for damages for breach or warranty or for non-delivery of the goods or interest. He may also sue for specific performance.

Duties of Buyer

To take delivery of the goods and pay for them. Also to pay any incidental charges for the care and custody by the seller if the goods are kept by him on behalf of the buyer.